![]() ![]() Bucyrus, too, could lay claim to pitching in on some of the most ambitious engineering projects of the time - including the Panama Canal. Īnother power player in the steam shovel business, Bucyrus Foundry and Manufacturing Company (established in 1880), committed itself to excavating machinery in 1896 as it became obvious what profit potential lie in steam shovels and other heavy digging equipment. By the early 1900s, Marion was such a dominant steam shovel manufacturer that the town came to be known as "the city that built the Panama Canal," for the crucial role steam shovels played in that massive undertaking. The Marion Steam Shovel Company, founded in 1884, in Marion, Ohio, sprang up in direct response to the railroad boom that opened up the western United States and Canada. This advance was followed by others, including wheels that didn't have to be mounted on rail tracks to move the equipment steel cable that was more durable than the chains used to operate the hoisting mechanisms and increasingly larger shovel sizes that could perform bigger jobs. #HEMERA THINKSTOCK FULL#The first "full-swing" steam shovel - one in which the bucket and arm could swing a full 360 degrees, was invented in England in 1884 and brought new versatility and value to the machines. ![]() Edgar indicated that the study “demonstrates the importance of government-industry collaboration,” continuing, “hen federal assets like USAMRIID team up with cutting-edge partners in private industry, we can make real progress.But eventually, other inventors and companies sprang up with their own steam shovel designs to feed the exploding demand to move earth faster - a demand created by railroad expansion in the United States and elsewhere. It inhibits viral RNA polymerase activity indirectly after being incorporated into viral RNA strands, causing premature termination of transcription and replication. The researchers are carrying out further studies to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of BCX4430 against these and other virulent viral pathogens.īCX4430 was developed by BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, Inc., in collaboration with the USAMRIID scientists. In cell-based studies, BCX4430 showed specific antiviral activity against multiple virus families other than filoviruses and bunyaviruses, including arenaviruses, orthomyxoviruses, picornaviruses, paramyxoviruses, flaviviruses and coronaviruses. Intramuscular administration of BCX4430 protected mice from all three of these viruses, and oral administration was also effective against Ebola virus infection in mice. BCX4430 also showed efficacy against other filoviruses, including Ravn virus and Ebola virus, as well as Rift Valley fever virus (belonging to the related family of bunyaviruses) in rodents. ![]() Guinea pigs exposed to Marburg virus either by intraperitoneal injection or by aerosol inhalation were also protected from infection by administration of BCX4430 within 48 h of exposure. ![]() These characteristics make it potentially suitable for use during outbreaks. The drug was administered intramuscularly and was effective even when administered up to 48 h after exposure to Marburg virus. The group, led by Sina Bavari, showed that a synthetic small-molecule inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase activity, called BCX4430, protected cynomolgus macaques from Marburg virus infection without adverse effects (10.1038/nature13027). ![]()
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